The Hashashins, Anslinger, and the Evolution of Hemp and Paper
The history of hemp, its decline, and the rise of tree-based paper manufacturing is a tale intertwined with political agendas, racial prejudices, and economic interests. At the heart of this narrative lies the controversial figure of Harry J. Anslinger and the mysterious Hashashins.
The Hashashins: Origins and Influence The Hashashins, also known as the Assassins, were a secretive and militant group that emerged in the 11th century. Operating primarily in Persia and Syria, they were known for their use of assassination as a means to achieve political ends. The term "assassin" is believed to have been derived from the Arabic word "hashshashin," which means "users of hashish." This association with cannabis has led to various theories and speculations about the group's use of the plant for ritualistic or intoxicating purposes.
Harry J. Anslinger: The Man Behind the Marijuana Prohibition Harry J. Anslinger, the first commissioner of the U.S. Federal Bureau of Narcotics, played a pivotal role in the demonization of cannabis in the 20th century. His racially charged campaigns linked marijuana use to crime, immorality, and insanity. Anslinger is infamously quoted as saying, "Reefer makes darkies think they're as good as white men." His efforts culminated in the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937, which effectively criminalized the plant.
Several scholars and experts have critiqued Anslinger's approach. For instance, Professor Charles Whitebread of the University of Southern California stated, "Anslinger had a major influence on public perceptions about cannabis, often using racial and xenophobic tropes to demonize its use."
Hemp's Historical Significance Before the widespread use of trees, hemp was a primary source for paper. Its decline was influenced by:
- Environmental Impact: Hemp is sustainable and eco-friendly. It completes its life cycle in one season and sequesters significant amounts of CO2.
- Quality: Hemp paper is often considered superior to tree-based paper due to its durability and texture.
- Political and Commercial Barriers: Hemp's association with marijuana, especially during the Mexican Revolution, led to its demonization. The rise of rag paper and the industrial consumption of trees further pushed hemp paper to the sidelines.
- Modern Perspective: Despite its benefits, hemp paper faces resistance due to historical economic motivations and political tensions.
Conclusion The intertwined histories of the Hashashins, Anslinger, and the evolution of hemp and paper reveal a complex tapestry of cultural, political, and economic forces. As the world grapples with environmental concerns, there's hope for a resurgence in hemp's use, challenging the narratives set in motion by figures like Anslinger.
The Hashashins and the Enigmatic Old Man of the Mountain
In the annals of history, few groups have been as enigmatic and intriguing as the Hashashins, also known as the Assassins. This secretive sect, operating from the shadows, became synonymous with covert operations and political assassinations during the medieval period. Their story intertwines with the Crusades, the Templars, and even the legendary traveler, Marco Polo.
Origins of the Hashashins
The Hashashins emerged as an offshoot of the Ismaili sect of Shia Islam in the late 11th century. Their name, often believed to be derived from the Arabic word for 'users of hashish', paints a picture of drug-induced warriors. However, this interpretation is debated, with some historians suggesting it was a derogatory term used by their enemies.
Their stronghold was the mountain fortress of Alamut in modern-day Iran. It was here that they established a state within a state, defying both the Seljuk Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate.
The Old Man of the Mountain
At the helm of this sect was the enigmatic leader known as the Old Man of the Mountain. The most famous of these leaders was Rashid ad-Din Sinan. Operating between 1162 and 1193, Sinan's leadership was marked by a series of high-profile assassinations. These included Christian crusaders, Templars, and even Muslim leaders. The Hashashins were not biased in their targets; they struck against anyone they perceived as a threat or as commanded by their leader.
One of the most iconic tales of their audacity involves a Muslim leader who woke up in his tent in the desert, surrounded by his guards, only to find a poisoned pastry on his pillow – a clear message from the Hashashins.
Marco Polo and the Hashashins
The Venetian explorer Marco Polo, in his travels, also chronicled the Hashashins. Polo's accounts are filled with admiration for the cultures and civilizations he encountered. He described the Old Man of the Mountain and painted a vivid picture of his modus operandi. According to Polo, the Old Man had a paradise-like garden filled with pleasures. Young recruits were drugged and taken to this garden, made to believe they were in paradise, and then promised a return to this paradise if they carried out the Old Man's orders.
However, there's a chronological conundrum in Polo's accounts. If Marco Polo's descriptions were accurate, the Old Man of the Mountain, Rashid ad-Din Sinan, would have been at least 120 years old during Polo's travels! While Marco Polo's contributions to history and geography are invaluable, this inconsistency highlights the challenges of relying solely on traveler's tales for historical facts.
Conclusion
The Hashashins, with their blend of political intrigue, covert operations, and religious fervor, have left an indelible mark on history. Their legacy is felt even today, with the word 'assassin' being derived from their name. While figures like Marco Polo have provided glimpses into their world, the Hashashins remain wrapped in layers of myth and legend. Yet, amidst the tales and exaggerations, one truth remains: the Hashashins were a force to be reckoned with, and their impact on the medieval world was profound.
