5-Hydroxytryptophan, commonly known as 5-HTP, is a naturally occurring amino acid and a chemical precursor as well as a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin. Derived from the amino acid tryptophan, it undergoes a biochemical conversion process involving the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase to become 5-HTP, which is then converted into serotonin via the enzyme L-amino acid decarboxylase​​.
5-HTP is frequently taken as a supplement for various health issues. Its primary uses include the treatment of conditions such as sleep disorders (including insomnia), mood-related issues like depression and anxiety, headaches and migraines, obesity and overeating, pain from conditions like fibromyalgia and PMS, ADHD symptoms, Parkinson’s disease symptoms, alcoholism withdrawal symptoms, and seasonal affective disorder​​.
The main function of 5-HTP in the body is to boost serotonin synthesis, which can positively affect mood, energy levels, motivation, appetite, sleep, and overall nervous system function. Since serotonin itself cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, taking 5-HTP supplements is a means of providing the body with the necessary resources to produce more serotonin​​.
In the treatment of anxiety and depression, 5-HTP has shown some effectiveness, although it may not work for everyone and might not always be more effective than prescription medications. It has been used alongside other antidepressants, particularly in individuals who are resistant to SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)​​. For sleep quality improvement, 5-HTP can promote relaxation and better sleep, especially when combined with GABA and valerian root. Its ability to convert serotonin into melatonin, a hormone important for regulating circadian rhythms, contributes to this effect​​.
5-HTP may also alleviate pain and symptoms of fibromyalgia, and some studies suggest that it can help mitigate migraine symptoms​​​​. Additionally, it has been found to potentially aid in weight loss by enhancing satiety, reducing appetite, and decreasing caloric intake among obese individuals​​.
In terms of safety, 5-HTP is generally considered safe for most adults when taken in doses up to 400 milligrams per day for up to one year. However, potential side effects include indigestion, stomach problems, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, drowsiness, sexual dysfunction, and muscular spasms. High doses might contribute to muscle tenderness and blood abnormalities in rare cases. It's important for individuals taking antidepressant or anti-anxiety medications to avoid using 5-HTP supplements, as it may cause excessive serotonin levels, leading to adverse mental and behavioral effects​​.
