In the vast realm of psychedelic exploration, few figures loom as large as Alexander "Sasha" Shulgin. Often likened to a modern-day alchemist, Shulgin's groundbreaking work in the field of psychoactive substances has left an indelible mark on the world of psychopharmacology. His magnum opuses, PIHKAL (Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved) and TIHKAL (Tryptamines I Have Known And Loved), are more than mere scientific journals. They are intricate tales of exploration, discovery, and deeply personal experiences. Though not universally embraced during their time, they are now seen as seminal works, offering invaluable insights into the vast world of psychoactive compounds.

Phenylalanine: The Natural Precursor At the heart of many of Shulgin's creations lies phenylalanine. This amino acid, commonly found in chewing gum and various food products as a sweetener or "smart drug," serves as a foundational molecule for many of the compounds Shulgin synthesized and explored.

The 10 Essential Phenethylamines: A Deep Dive

Shulgin's exploration into the world of phenethylamines led him to identify ten essential compounds, each with its unique origins and significance. These compounds, derived from various natural sources, showcase the diversity and potential of the phenethylamine class:

1. 4-methoxy pattern (from 4-allylanisole or methyl chavicol)

   • Found in: Turpentine, anise, fennel, bay, tarragon, basil.
   • Amine product: 4-Methoxyamphetamine (4-MA).

2. 3,4-dimethoxy pattern (from methyleugenol)

   • Found in: Citronella, bay (laurel or myrtle), pimiento, allspice, pepper, tree-tea oil.
   • Amine product: 3,4-Dimethoxyamphetamine (3,4-DMA).

3. 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy pattern (from eugenol)

   • Found in: Cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves, sassafras, myrrh.
   • Amine product: Not explicitly mentioned, but related to MDA.

4. 3,4-methylenedioxy pattern (from safrole)

   • Found in: Sassafras oil, cinnamon, nutmeg.
   • Amine product: MDA.

5. 3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxy pattern (from myristicin)

   • Found in: Nutmeg, mace, parsley oil, dill.
   • Amine product: MMDA.

6. 2,4,5-trimethoxy pattern (from asarone)

   • Found in: Oil of Calamus from Acorus calamus (Sweet Flag).
   • Amine product: TMA-2.

7. 3,4,5-trimethoxy pattern (from elemicin)

   • Found in: Oil of elemi, nutmeg, Oils of Camphor.
   • Amine product: TMA.

8. 2,5-dimethoxy-3,4-methylenedioxy pattern (from apiole)

   • Found in: Parsley seed oil.
   • Amine product: DMMDA.

9. 2,3-dimethoxy-4,5-methylenedioxy pattern (from dillapiole)

   • Found in: Oils of dill plants.
   • Amine product: DMMDA-2.

10. Tetramethoxy pattern (from 1-allyl-2,3,4,5-tetramethoxybenzene)

• Found in: Oil of parsley.
• Amine product: Not explicitly mentioned, but related to TA.

These compounds, derived from natural sources, have been explored and documented by Alexander Shulgin for their psychoactive properties. Shulgin's work has been instrumental in understanding the chemistry and pharmacology of these substances, and his meticulous documentation in PIHKAL has provided invaluable insights into the world of phenethylamines.

It's fascinating to see how these compounds, which can be found in everyday plants and spices, can be transformed into substances with profound effects on the human psyche. Shulgin's exploration of these compounds was not just about understanding their effects but also about understanding the human mind and its potential.

The Magical Half-Dozen

The "Magical Half-Dozen" refers to six phenethylamines that Shulgin believed to be particularly noteworthy due to their unique and profound psychoactive properties. These compounds are:

1. Mescaline: Found naturally in the peyote cactus, mescaline is one of the oldest known psychedelics used by indigenous cultures for spiritual and ceremonial purposes.
2. DOM (STP): A potent psychedelic with effects that can last up to 20 hours. DOM gained notoriety in the 1960s when it was distributed under the name STP.
3. 2C-B: Originally developed as a potential therapeutic agent, 2C-B has since gained popularity in recreational settings due to its euphoric and empathogenic effects.
4. 2C-E: Known for its intense visual effects and deep introspection, 2C-E is often described as a more challenging psychedelic experience.
5. 2C-T-2: Characterized by its unique combination of psychedelic and entactogenic effects, 2C-T-2 offers a balanced experience of introspection and emotional openness.
6. 2C-T-7: Similar to 2C-T-2 but with a longer duration and a slightly different qualitative experience.

The Ten Classic Ladies:

1. ARIADNE (2C-B-5-ETO): Named after the Greek goddess who aided Theseus in navigating the Minotaur's labyrinth, Ariadne is a phenethylamine that produces effects reminiscent of 2C-B but lasts longer. Its unique chemical structure, with an ethoxy group at the 5th position, gives it distinct properties. Users often report a mix of visual and emotional enhancements.

2. BEATRICE (2C-T-7): This psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family is known for its colorful visuals and extended duration. Beatrice, named in honor of Dante's muse in "The Divine Comedy," offers a profound introspective journey, often accompanied by a heightened sense of empathy.

3. CHARMIAN (2C-T-21): Producing a blend of psychedelic and stimulant effects, Charmian is another intriguing member of the 2C family. Its name, inspired by one of Cleopatra's loyal maids, suggests loyalty and dedication. Users often describe the experience as a balanced blend of visuals and euphoria.

4. DAPHNE (2C-B-FLY): This compound, reminiscent of 2C-B in its effects, is named after the Greek nymph transformed into a laurel tree. Daphne offers a unique psychedelic experience, characterized by vibrant visuals and a heightened sense of touch.

5. ELVIRA (2C-EF): With its blend of visual and auditory enhancements, Elvira provides a mysterious and enchanting psychedelic journey. The name evokes a sense of mystery, much like the compound's unpredictable nature.

6. FLORENCE (2C-T-24): Named after the iconic Italian city known for its art and beauty, Florence offers a gentle, dreamy psychedelic state. The experience is often described as less visually intense but deeply introspective.

7. GANESHA (3C-E): A potent psychedelic, Ganesha is named after the Hindu deity revered as the remover of obstacles. Its effects are long-lasting, with users reporting profound insights and a heightened sense of connection.

8. HECATE (DOET): This psychedelic amphetamine offers deep introspection and is named after the Greek goddess of magic and crossroads. Hecate's experience is often described as a journey through one's subconscious, revealing hidden truths.

9. IRIS (DOPR): Known for producing vibrant, rainbow-like visuals, Iris is named after the Greek goddess of rainbows. The experience is often described as a cascade of colors, accompanied by a heightened sense of wonder.

10. JUNO (2C-T-4): Offering a balanced blend of visual, emotional, and intellectual effects, Juno is named after the Roman queen of the gods. Users often describe the experience as harmonious, with a deep sense of connection to the world around them.

These compounds were part of Alexander Shulgin's exploration into the structural variations of DOM. Each compound was named after a "classic lady" as Shulgin walked around the molecule, replacing each of the ten unique hydrogens with a methyl group.

The Shulgin Scale and the Art of "Tasting"

Shulgin's approach to understanding these compounds was both scientific and experiential. He developed the "Shulgin Scale," a system to quantify the effects of psychoactive substances. The scale ranges from 0 (no effect) to +4 (a rare and profound experience). This scale allowed for a standardized way to document and compare the effects of various compounds.

In addition to this scale, Shulgin introduced the concept of "tasting" or "museum doses." This method involves starting with a very low dose of a substance and gradually increasing it, allowing the user to carefully observe and document its effects. This cautious approach not only prioritized safety but also provided a detailed understanding of each compound's properties and potential.

The Shulgin Rating Scale, often simply referred to as the "Shulgin Scale," is a system developed by Alexander Shulgin to categorize and describe the subjective effects of psychoactive substances. The scale is particularly useful for researchers and psychonauts to communicate the intensity and nature of their experiences in a standardized manner. Here's a detailed breakdown:

• Minus (-): This rating indicates that the substance had no noticeable effects. It's essentially a null result, where the user feels no different than their sober baseline state.

• Plus/Minus (±): This is a transitional phase between no effects and noticeable effects. Users might feel something is happening, but it's ambiguous. It could be a placebo effect, a slight alteration in mood or perception, or just the very beginning stages of the substance's effects.

• Single Plus (+): At this level, the effects of the substance are undeniable. There's a clear departure from the baseline state, but the effects are still mild. This might include slight mood enhancement, minor visual or auditory changes, or a feeling of "different" thinking. It's a level where the user can still function normally and engage in regular activities without much hindrance.

• Double Plus (++): This is where the substance shows its primary effects. The user is clearly under the influence, with significant alterations in mood, perception, and cognition. It might be challenging to act "normal" or engage in complex tasks. This level is often where therapeutic or introspective insights occur. The experience can be powerful but not overwhelming.

• Triple Plus (+++): This is a full immersion into the substance's effects. The user might lose touch with their regular sense of self or reality. It can be a transcendental experience, often described as "peak" or "breakthrough" moments. These experiences can be profoundly life-changing, offering deep insights, mystical experiences, or intense emotional releases. However, they can also be overwhelming, so it's crucial to be in a safe setting with proper preparation.

• Plus Four (++++): This is a rare and exceptional state. Shulgin described it as "a peak experience." It's not just about intensity but about the unique and often spiritual or mystical quality of the experience. It's an experience that stands out as one of the most meaningful in one's life. These moments are often ineffable, challenging to describe in words, and deeply personal.

Collaboration between Alexander Shulgin and David E. Nichols:

Alexander Shulgin and David E. Nichols collaborated on various research projects related to psychotomimetics. One of their notable works is titled “Characterization of Three New Psychotomimetics.” This work was included in "The Psychopharmacology of Hallucinogens," edited by Richard C. Stillman and Robert E. Willette, and was published by Pergamon Press in 1978.

Details:

• Publication Year: 1978
• Publisher: Pergamon Press
• Title: “Characterization of Three New Psychotomimetics.”
• Included In: The Psychopharmacology of Hallucinogens, edited by Richard C. Stillman and Robert E. Willette.

The collaboration between Shulgin and Nichols was significant in the field of psychopharmacology. Their combined expertise led to the characterization of new psychotomimetic compounds, expanding the understanding of these substances and their effects on the human brain.

Additional Information:

While the specific details of the "Three New Psychotomimetics" are not provided in the content, it's evident that Shulgin and Nichols made substantial contributions to the field. Their work is archived and can be accessed for research purposes at the Purdue University Archives and Special Collections.

It's also worth noting that Shulgin's collaborations extended beyond Nichols. He worked with various other researchers and published numerous papers on psychotropic substances, their chemistry, and their effects.